Ophthalmology is a specialized branch of medical science that focuses on the health of the eyes and vision. It deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of eye diseases, vision disorders, and conditions affecting the eye and visual system. Medical doctors trained in this field are called ophthalmologists, and they are qualified to provide eye examinations, prescribe medications, perform eye surgeries, and manage complex eye conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, retinal diseases, and refractive errors.